Introduction to Legal Theory - What is freedom Does law necessarily Essay

Introduction to Legal Theory - What is freedom Does law necessarily restrict freedom - Essay Example This paper examines whether Thomas Hobbes’ philosophy of freedom is well taken care of under current laws. Hobbes posited that human beings are free when their actions are not under the limitation from any other party. In a liberal world, for example, Hobbes would argue that one’s enjoyment of freedom does not encompass the right to subject another person to slavery1. In addition, freedom falls short of the legal right to hit people where there is no need for self-defence. Essentially, a free individual has the wide latitude under the law to engage in whatever he or she so wishes provided that those activities do not offensively hurt or force other individuals against their own freedoms. Freedom apparently cannot encompass the legitimate right to infringe other peoples liberty because that would not only be unfair but illogical2. As Hobbes has indicated, freedom does encompass the legal right to defend oneself from offenders who try to harm or thrust their own will upon the liberal person. In some way, freedom might be real in political lenses, but socially unfavourable, for an individual to enjoy legal protection to inflict aggressive harm on other people if nobody enjoyed the freedom to not be harmed in such manner. It is the ensuing complications as to the enjoyment of freedoms that the law sets in to guarantee the maximum level of liberties which an individual should enjoy in an environment where coexistence is imperative3. In light of this, as Hobbes has said, laws do not necessarily limit freedoms; rather, they enforce a sense of self-control among the citizenry in order to ensure that every person enjoys the maximum freedom possible without behaving in a manner that would be detrimental to others4. In the United Kingdom, The Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 is the main body of law which seeks to provide maximum freedoms to the UK citizens. The statute also seeks to safeguard the legal interests of all stakeholders in the society. The HRA envisages

On Being an Atheist Essay Example for Free

On Being an Atheist Essay In this article McCloskey writes what he believes as truth in the world we live in. He states that theists believe in a God and that they have â€Å"proofs† that this God exists. In the article he addresses these â€Å"proofs† and in a very academic and respectful way tears them down. He attempts to eliminate all possibilities of the existence of God, through what he calls â€Å"reasons why I believe that atheism is a much more comfortable belief than theism, and why theist should be miserable just because they are theists. † The first issue that McCloskey references to is the â€Å"proofs† that Christians hold to prove that God exist, but as we learned in one of our PointeCast presentations, the reasons Christians believe in God are not exactly proofs, because they cannot scientifically or in any way prove to a point that God does in fact exist. These reasons are arguments, theories and carefully thought out propositions that try their hardest to justify what we believe in. Because of this McCloskey argues that humans should give up on the notion that God exists, yet since there also no way to prove that God does not exist, McCloskey is defeated by his own logic. So if humans are to give up on both the notion that there is or is not a God, then that leaves us with nothing whatsoever to believe in. There is no way to prove that God does or does not exist, what I might believe to be a strong argument for the existence of God, and atheist such as McCloskey might deem nonsense. These â€Å"proofsâ₠¬  are simply and objective argument for the existence of God, thus have to be taken as valid argument, propositions, and theory and not as tangible proof. McCloskey dissects three major arguments being the cosmological proof, the  theological proof, and the argument from design. He takes all these arguments and picks them apart for both atheist and theist to see what he is trying to prove. In all honesty in some cases in these arguments of his I can see what he is trying to prove, yet in the end I have no sense of what he has accomplished with his arguments if he himself cannot prove that God does not exist. The first argument that McCloskey addresses is the Cosmological proof. He states that we cannot possibly assume without proof on an â€Å"an all-powerful, all-perfect, uncaused cause† and to this notion I somewhat agree. The reason being is that this argument does not specify the qualities of a god that could create the universe as it is. Thus the argument simply states that there must have been a first cause or there would have been infinite regress, or in other words gods and that is what the argument is trying to avoid. The next argument that McCloskey addresses is the Theological proof. He states that there cannot be indisputable proofs and examples of design that the whole argument becomes invalid. In this case he is again defeated by his own logic; because once again there is no way that any arguments attempting to prove that God does not exist are indisputable as well. In the world we live we must believe in what we as individuals take to as truth, since there is no possible way that a person can prove or disprove that God does or does not exist. McCloskey is attempting to support his arguments so hard that in the essence of itself he is defeating himself without realizing it. I believe that a perfect example of intelligent design is the human body. There is no possible way that such a complex and amazing creation came from a bunch of cells meshing together. Our bodies are built to live on the earth in a way that is amazingly thought out. The body is functioning, living organism in and of itself with thousands of different parts and pieces all working together to accomplish one goal: to live. The human body is the perfect example to show that intelligent design was indeed included in the universe and in the world today. Though this does not prove that there is one God, it does prove that there is a higher being that created what we are  today. I do not object to the thought of microevolution or even evolution itself, but I do not believe that evolution exterminates the need for intelligent design and a creator. Evolutionists believe that there exist the â€Å"perfect condition† as to what created the cosmos and the world around us, yet all the experiments to prove that this event took place have failed. Again there is the fact that we cannot prove or disprove this belief, while the experiments have failed; there is no way to go back in time and to prove that it indeed does not exist. Yet people must take into account that evolution does not cancel out God, in fact why couldn’t it have been God himself that created the â€Å"perfect condition† that brought into place evolution. McCloskey also addresses the fact that there is imperfection and evil in the world, he states that there could not possibly be a God who would allow this. First of all, the cosmological proof in itself does not tell us the characteristic of the creator, simply that there is one. Secondly a person who believes in God would tell you that there is evil in the world because God gave his creation the right to choose. The choice of the first man and woman of the world which God created chose to sin and brought evil into the world. There is also the fact that I believe McCloskey is being quite bold by stating that there is no divine purpose. After all he is simply a person in the world; he himself is not the creator and definitely does not have all the knowledge of the universe. The fact that McCloskey brings up the presence of evil is quite understandable. I completely understand where he is coming from and have had experiences in my own life with people like this. This is actually a very common argument among atheist and McCloskey is not an exception. It is sometimes hard to accept that fact that evil sometime does in fact fall into God’s Will, even some theist have trouble with the problem of evil when they themselves believe in a â€Å"good God†. In this argument I honestly have trouble as well. It is hard to justify a good person’s murder, or the rape of a young child, or the death of thousands because of a natural disaster. Yet in  the depths of my heart I personally believe that when God created the world it was not as such, it was perfect. When sin entered into the world it brought the evil as well. As for why God allows such evil to take place, that is a harder question and an even more difficult answer. I was brought up to believe that when God sees his creation in pain, it hurts him too; there have been times when I have questioned why God allows certain evils in our lives. The truth is there is no arguments that can make a person feel better in the face of child abuse, rape, murder, suicide, and even natural disasters, yet in the moments when people are hurting the most is when they turn to God. Thus I believe that is the way in which we see the reason there is evil in the world. God did not create the world with evil in place, but he did create a creation that could choose for their selves. Thus in essence the human race suffers from our own choices. McCloskey makes some very valid arguments yet I find that most of them stand empty handed. McCloskey also questions why God would not create a human race with free will to always to choose what is right. To this statement I honestly believe that would not be freewill. The reason that God created man with free will was so that he could love God of his own free will. If God had created man to the point where he could only choose what was good and right then in essence it would not have been free will at all. The beauty of having free will is the fact that God lets you choose, though he knows the choices that you will make, the choices are yours. Whether to love God or to reject God, free will cannot be controlled for then it would not be free will at all. At the end of his article McCloskey states that atheism is a much more comforting belief than theism. He uses the example of an ill child that was dying and that he would find no comfort in knowing there was a God. I on the other hand find that if there was no God and man was here on earth simply to be and that there was no reason for living that the death of a child would be unimportant. This might sounds very cruel but it is the truth. If there is no reason to live then dying is not much of an issue, since there is no afterlife simply the life we have here on earth. I find the fact of not knowing what will happen after death disconcerting. To know that when I die I will be in heaven with God is more than enough to help me through this  life on earth. Atheism to me is a sad religion with no reason for the existence of man. Heaven holds so much for the believer, peace, no pain, and an eternal home with God. Atheism to me is the religion that is the most miserable to live with, not theism. The greatest reason being that if there is no God, no afterlife, no salvation; then when death is on your doorsteps there is no hope only despair and fear of the nothingness beyond the grave. I cannot live believing there is no reason to live here on earth, knowing God loves and has a place for me in heaven is what helps me live on this Earth. References Craig, William L. Reasonable faith: Christian truth and apologetics. 3rd Ed. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 2008. 71-90. Evans, C. S., Manis, R. Z. Philosophy of religion: Thinking about faith. 2nd Ed. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2009. McCloskey, H. J. Question 1: On being an atheist. 1968. 51-54.

Global Response to Failed States

Global Response to Failed States Introduction According to Max Weber, a modern functioning sate is an institution claiming a â€Å"monopoly of legitimate use of physical force in enforcing its order within a given territory† (Garner, Robert, Peter Ferdinand, and Stephanie Lawson, 2009, 27). Therefore, a state, in broad terms, is an entity that can support itself through the use of legitimacy to enforce its rule and to provide its population with the adequate â€Å"public† goods. Based on the definition of a strong state, a weak or failed state is a political being that, within the scope of international politics, supplies the state with both scare qualities and quantities of political â€Å"public† goods and simultaneously, no longer has abundant control over violence within their given boundaries. Failed states cannot provide basic rights or needs such as education, security, or governance. (Helman and Ratner, 1992) Often this failure to provide the institutions is caused by violence or poverty in certain a reas of the state. These structurally and politically fragile institutions of government can cause internal and external problems. Internally, these governments are so weak or ineffective that they have little or no control over the majority of their territories as well as the lack of provision of â€Å"public† goods, leading to civil wars, rebellions, and full on warfare among separate factions within the state. Internationally, these areas can be both the cause and result of widespread corruption and criminality, refugees and involuntary movement of populations, sharp economic decline, and the potential of national security problems through the threat of terrorists and international criminals. However, the external threats not only come from the state but from outsiders as well. Occasionally, groups like the United Nations or a bordering state step into intervene and stop a disaster in the making (Langford, 1999). Although the intent is not to harm the states, these interna tional powers can also be the cause of the problem. This paper explores the reasons that current responses are ineffective and how global powers could better respond to failed states in that it is far better for them to be created into a non-state society rather than have them become a state that is sustained by international intervention alone. The existing response of international superpowers to the issue of failed states is based on an assumption that the state in question was once actually a state, and can become a functioning entity again. Within the spectrum of the validity of these states comes the question of sovereignty. Even strong states face challenges from outside and inside of their borders, but these failed states have no sovereignty whatsoever because they cannot control their capacity or autonomy. Their authority is questioned and they require support to remain functional and it comes to question whether the states actually had any sovereignty to begin with. Due to this, the attempt of international world powers to transform the failed state back into a successful state through use of international resources and efforts with the assumption that they will be able to function without international support is a meager counter to the problem. Legitimacy The level of a failed state is measured by the extent to which the states are susceptible to any form of challenges to its legitimacy, whether internal or external. Based on shared knowledge of values that define a state, legitimacy is the acknowledgment that a state has, or is assumed to have, a right to rule whether legally or morally. In history, a state existed was considered legitimate if it existed. Because of this definition, most states met the traditional requirements of statehood. As said by Weber, the foremost characteristics of a state was having the capacity to act internationally and to maintain a monopoly of force within their territories, but it was not limited to just that. A state was also to have defined borders, a government, and a permanent population. Although these are the criteria required to have statehood, most states gain their independence without one or more of these principles. These states are still recognized by the global community as state actors eve n though they could not fully meet the requirements that were set before them, including a percentage of their population disregarding both authority and legitimacy of the state itself. The state was presumed to be the only authority, despite whether or not the people believed it to be legitimate. Simply put, the assumption of legitimacy applied to all states by the fact that all states documented by the United Nations were believed to be legitimate. These fragile states have contributed to an incredibly dispersed world. In this world, struggles and violence are key players. Discourse has created chances for states that are more powerful to press the power held within their region. It is possible that the power stretches even further and these hegemonic states begin to exploit the weak states in order to form new types of coalitions, partnerships, and connections between different actors, both state and non-state, as well as a plethora of problematic challenges which they must struggle to fight for their future. Just as discourse creates chances, absent or declining legitimacy also creates causes for problems. Once the legitimacy of a state has been called into question, there is a rush for groups, movements, and other state entities to fight over which group will fill the void. In order to take control of the state and undermine its legitimacy, these state entities exert their power in both violent and nonviolent ways. In the ma jority of fragile states in the modern world, these battles are being lost to other actors because the weakened governments do not have the power to provide the security and core functions that the other actors can readily provide (Krasner, Stephen D., and Carlos Pascual, 2005). Once these states have entered into this conflict, the protections services within the state, such as those serving to keep the peace, have either stopped operating or have ceased to exist altogether. In other cases however, these services are being utilized for actions that they were never intended to be used for (Rotberg, 2002). Global Responses These efforts to remanufacture the failed states are clearly formed on political and economic views of the Western superpowers. The two essential areas of failed states, according to the aforementioned group, are the failure to provide political goods and the incapability to meet the plain economic essentials of the people. These hegemons seek therefore to shape and improve the state’s institutional capacity to respond to failure. The economic factors of rebuilding failed states place an emphasis on this capacity to build certain institutions, but the aims are completely different and come from a separate perspective. While political attempts to rebuild states focuses on strengthening state institutions such as the government, peacekeeping forces, the restore of rule of law, and the provision of security, the economic efforts try to diminish the government power by releasing the economy and freeing the market services. In general, the measures suggested by the groups involved in the attempts to end state fragility or failures vary in range that it compiles a rather large list of things to be done. The tasks center around economic, political, and security based things. However, the problem is that this task list runs off the assumption that these failed states can actually be revived by rebuilding them. The state in an isolated environment, as decided by Western policy makers and scholars, is the root of the problem. However, they also see it as the source to solve the problem. But the error with the opinion of the West is that it overlooks the issues of interdependence as well as any political or economic interactions (Garner, Robert, Peter Ferdinand, and Stephanie Lawson, 2009, 432). Systematic efforts have been lacking to study state fragility and failure in terms of interconnections and linkages between the West and these failed states. What drives the state building process in these areas is the occupying power and their political ideologies, values, economic interests and strategic perceptions. These are based on defective calculations and wrong policy priorities. Alternative Methods Several policy recommendations could come in handy when dealing with these problems. First, instead of focusing on state building along the Western lines, there should be a development of nation building. The idea of national identity is not just feeling making the population feel like citizens. It requires the involvement of all the separate things that make up society such as ethnic background, cultural tradition, and the different types of social or political views. All of these things need to be integrated into the society because they are the factors that make up the people who actually make the nation. In times when there is no unity in a failed state, it is hard to feel like an actual citizen, therefore there is no desire for the state to become normal again. In the throes of the clashes between the groups who feel alienated, state institutions can’t continue developing. These groups, despite the fact that the institutions are meant to improve the political and economic functions and production of goods, will eventually reject the institutions because they do not do anything for the general population because their development has ceased. Any efforts to actually rebuild the nation into any form of functionality is clearly lacking due to the internal absence of unity (King, Gary, and Langche Zeng, 2001). Just as important is the basis for the need of a domestic economic base for the failed states. There should be a change in the way the economy works, instead of laboring for political points, there should be a push for the creation of a stable base for the economy. The current strategy, although supplying enough money to certain areas, such as the social and economic bases, is ineffective. The majority of the money that is donated goes to the already urban areas, instead of the rural places where it is needed most. Some of the funding skips the government completely, leaving it nonfunctional, and goes straight to the elites, giving more room for their power to grow. The goal is to ensure that the state, without the help of any international powers, is able to grow and function on its own, at least economically. Without this, there is no way for the state to function. A move towards understanding the roots of the conflicts and the different situations they are based in as well as an attempt at communication between the opposing groups is also imperative. So far, there have been no movements to actually understand the issues that have formed in the failed states. There should be a large push for any occupying power as well as any entity funding the state to figure out the roots of conflict. Things that need to be addressed are simple: why does this conflict continue in such a manner, why do the parties involved in the conflict have such different goals, and what incentive could be used in order to bring them together to compromise on a way to end the continuous warfare. This has been lacking approach has been lacking and some of the policies placed by the occupying power exclude certain opposing parties and it exacerbates the conflicts instead of resolving them. At one point in time, a state could not be questioned on its authority, even with a temporary loss of power and authority over its territory. It was a theory accompanied by the practice of protection from violence if a state could no longer function correctly. This was international law. However, the people wanted the right to self-governance, as the basis for involvement within the global community, and it was pleaded for. This global community, or similar organization posing under the same name, understands the call for human rights. The right to govern themselves would ultimately allow the states to participate in their own internal affairs. They would be protected against any outside attacks from conquering entities, all for the sake of restoring the authority that was required by the state for a proper functioning of international ruling. Although the state has seen such as such has seen its presence justified, the issue of what methods can be used to revive the states at such l evels remains to be answered. Because the causes of the problem are generally internal in the root of the problem, it would only be proper that the very same internal services would provide assistance in the recovery process. There have been attempts, using their own practices, by the population of these failed states to build their state back over a course of time. In this manner, the voices of the people and the will of the state has the potential to rally behind a movement around various points for different purposes, such as education, local government, transportation, agriculture, or other methods and organizations, both public and private, which gives the people cause to move toward the common motivations which would further the cause of reconstructions. Equally, incomplete arrangements could also serve as a drive for enthusiasm in the creation of an inclusive public segment and institutions which serve to represent the people. In the long term, this would then allow the government, as a lone entity, to regain the legitimacy that is required of it. The things that need to be realized are two things which are essential for the formation of a legitimate state. This state, although based on tolerance, encouraged by principle, and coupled with the ability to peacefully cooperate, has to enable the people to be within a political setting as well as maintain their sense of national identity. The two things, which are the combined efforts and remedies which allow human coexistence and the will to become a state bound by unity, must be achieved. The outside influences, such as global entities with different institutions, can only move to help the formation of self-improvement. Conclusion When considering the problem of failed states, it has become evident that to some powers and viewpoints, they are happenings that are to insignificant in the scheme of things to be considered important. Within the realm of these occurrences of failed states, it is difficult to place them into the category of legal ideology because it forms essential challenges. These challenges are placed to against law, both international and constitutional. Furthermore, the inquiry that needs to be asked is whether these instances of the failing of states, however infrequent they may appear, are actually the mere beginnings of a much more intricate threat posed towards civil society as it is known. Since there is potential for the destruction and dismemberment of law and order within these politically based civilizations, the question of whether such aggression is considered to be basic human nature is called into play. The initial global responses approach the states with an attempt at equalizing the states strength as well as the power held. This is something that is incredibly generalized and is a factor in including states within the classification that is a failed state. It infers a certain dependence on the power of politics as well as a certain weakness that is permanent and cannot be changed. This theory, although efficient, give signs and examples without actually giving them any meaning whatsoever, making it incomparable to the weaker states within the area due to the vagueness of the actual meaning.

Analysis of The Revolt of Mother Essay -- Analysis of The Revolt of Mo

Analysis of The Revolt of Mother â€Å"The Revolt of ‘Mother’† by Mary Wilkins Freeman, was a story of a woman who lived in New England around or before the author’s time. The mother, Sarah Penn, was kept out of the families decisions by the father, Adoniram Penn, until one event that lead to her taking drastic actions while her husband was gone. There are many religious symbols and actions taken by â€Å"Mother† within the story. Through the story Sarah moved from a feeling of servitude to her husband, to a feeling that she was in servitude to the Lords will and this led her, in the end, to hold power over her husband. The religious overtones start with the title of the story, â€Å"The Revolt of ‘Mother.’† The name ‘Mother’ in many stories is used to relate to a divine or spiritual woman. It could be a direct reference to Mother Mary, but in the context of this story it is just meant to signify her clarity with what the Lord wants her to do. The word ‘Revolt’ also has religious significance when related with that use of ‘Mother’. The revolt that ‘Mother’ takes is a religious one because it is going against her husband and town’s beliefs, which are both the same. This becomes clear in the part of the story when the minister comes to talk to Sarah about what she has done. When the minister came to see Sarah on Friday after she had moved into the barn she was described as having a â€Å"saintly expression of her face†(529). With that, and the fact that she acts so rude to him, especially since he’s a minister, shows that she does believe she is right under the Lords will and he is not. The author also implies this by the name she gives to the minister, Mr. Hersey. His name sounds just like the word heresy and is spelled very similar. This is another indication that, in fact, the minister is going against the Lords own will and Sarah is not. The narrator has also described the minister as being â€Å" a sickly man† and that, â€Å"he had scourge himself up to some of his pastoral duties as relentlessly as a Catholic ascetic†(530). This seems harsh at first but it is just conveying the ignorance of the minister. In the times of this story the town would have to be Protestant or maybe even Puritan, but definitely not Catholic because it is set in early New England times and for the simple fact that he is a minister with a wife. The fact that he is referred to as a â€Å"Cathol... ...other was able to start the revolt. By the end of the story Adoniram is not in power. This aspect is shown through how Father lacked the power to even remove his jacket, even though he is described as having a â€Å"sturdily healthy†(531) frame. He is also not referred to as father, but as an old man. Because old people are usually represented as being weaker and more needing of help, Father takes on the position of lesser power in the family. So because Sarah moved from Adoniram’s servitude to the Lords, father falls to a lesser power. It is in this position that he gives into his wife and builds windows and partitions as she asks. In the end Sarah has moved from servitude to a position of power in the family. And Adoniram has fallen from his position of not listening to what Sarah wants to one of submission to her needs. But there hasn’t been sufficient foundation laid by Sarah to foreshadow that it will stay this way forever. First because the majority of the revolt took place when Adoniram was absent, so it was easier for her to make this transition. But mainly because as the name implies this was only a revolt. Just because you won a revolt doesn’t mean you’ve won the war.

China and India: the Challenge and Opportunity

Sources: Capell, Kerry. â€Å"IKEA: How The Swedish Retailer Became A Global Cult Brand†. BusinessWeek. 14 Nov. 2005: 96-106. Ikea. com CASE 2 CHINA AND INDIA: THE CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY OVERVIEW China and India are the two nations that will transform the global economy as we now know it. China has state-of-the-art manufacturing and India is boosting its competitive edge through innovation hubs. While the United States is deciding if â€Å"Chindia† is a threat or an opportunity the massive low wage, highly educated, and forward thinking work force is transforming these two poor nations into global powerhouses.Yet, all is not perfect. While governments and business pour mass amounts of investments into the countries there are huge obstacles to continued growth. There are social, political, and environmental challenges. Important is keeping growth at a steady pace that will eliminate the unemployment lines. Pollution and environmental challenges, political backlash, de bt and currency crises, inadequate medical care, threats of epidemics, and war are continuing challenges. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1.Discuss the innovation implications for the leading developed nations concerning China’s and India’s rapidly escalating capabilities. 2. Examine the collaboration potential and hurdles of greater collaboration between China and India regarding innovation and other commercial ventures. 3. What are the potential market opportunities for developed nations in China and India? 4. Evaluate the evolving balance of economic power shift from the west to the east. 5. Discuss the future competitive threats of China and India for industries in developed countries.

How to Become a National Merit Semifinalist

How to Become a National Merit Semifinalist SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Every October, about 1.6 million juniors across the country take the PSAT. Those who score in the top 1% achieve the distinction of National Merit Semifinalist. Most of these students move on to become National Merit Finalists, with some winning scholarship money for college. Being named a National Merit Semifinalist is a huge achievement along the path to college. Let’s take a look at what you need to do to become a National Merit Semifinalist. Basic Entry Requirements forNational Merit Semifinalists To become a Semifinalist and be eligible for a National Merit Scholarship, you must meet the following four requirements set by the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC): Be enrolled as a high school student, progressing normally toward graduation.This just means that you’re taking and passing a normal number of classes and expect to graduate on time. Plan to enroll full-time in college starting the fall following high school graduation. In other words, you can’t postpone college to spend a year abroad, work full-time, and so on. Be a U.S. citizen or lawful U.S. permanent resident planning to become a U.S. citizen. Earn a top PSAT score.The definition of a "top" score varies by state, but generally you'll need to score in the top 1% of juniors to qualify. But what PSAT score do you need exactly? Keep reading because in the next section we explain exactly how high your PSAT score needs to be to qualify you for Semifinalist status. To be eligible for National Merit, you must plan to start college in the fall after your high school graduation. National Merit SemifinalistQualifying Scores The NMSCuses its own Selection Index to determine which students qualify as Commended Students and Semifinalists. In general, students who score in thetop 3-4%are named Commended Scholars, while students who score in the top 1% are deemed Semifinalists. Students are compared on astate-by-state basis.The NMSC's Selection Index ranges from 48 to 228 and is based on PSAT section scores. There are three PSAT section scores (one each for Math, Reading, and Writing and Language). Each section score ranges from 8 to 38. To calculate your Selection Index, you simplyadd your three PSAT section scores together and then multiply the sum by 2. Let's say you got 28 on Reading, 32 on Writing and Language, and 34 on Math. To find your Selection Index score, first add your section scores together: 28 + 32 + 34 = 94. Then, multiply the sum by 2 (94 * 2 = 188). This gives you a Selection Index score of 188. As you'll see in the chart below, a 188 Selection Index score isn't high enough toqualify for National Merit Semifinalist status. Instead, you'll need a Selection Index of 212 or higher, depending on where you take the test. Based on reports from individuals around the country, we've put together a comprehensive list of qualifying PSAT Selection Index scores. Check out the most recent state cutoffs for National Merit Semifinalist in the chart below. These were used to pick out Semifinalists from the October 2017 administration of the PSAT. State Selection Index Alabama 216 Alaska 215 Arizona 220 Arkansas 214 California 223 Colorado 221 Connecticut 222 Delaware 222 DC 223 Florida 219 Georgia 220 Hawaii 220 Idaho 214 Illinois 221 Indiana 219 Iowa 216 Kansas 218 Kentucky 218 Louisiana 217 Maine 217 Maryland 223 Massachusetts 223 Michigan 219 Minnesota 220 Mississippi 215 Missouri 217 Montana 214 Nebraska 216 Nevada 218 New Hampshire 219 New Jersey 223 New Mexico 215 New York 221 North Carolina 220 North Dakota 212 Ohio 219 Oklahoma 215 Oregon 221 Pennsylvania 220 Rhode Island 220 South Carolina 216 South Dakota 215 Tennessee 219 Texas 221 Utah 215 Vermont 216 Virginia 222 Washington 222 West Virginia 212 Wisconsin 216 Wyoming 212 Average Score 218 As you can see, scores vary depending on where you take the test. Cutoffsregularly vary a few points between years, so if you haven't taken the PSAT yet and are aiming for National Merit, set your target Selection Index about2-5 points higher than the predicted cutoff for your state. After you take the PSAT, there's nothing more you can do to be named Semifinalist until the results are announced. The NMSC notifies eligible students in September the following school year. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: What Are the Steps to Becoming a National Merit Semifinalist? You now know the requirements for becoming a National Merit Semifinalist, and you have a plan to get a top PSAT score. But what are the actual steps to becoming a Semifinalist?The process begins early in your junior year and can last all the way until the end of your senior year. Below is an outline of the key steps you'll need to take to become a Semifinalist. Junior Year October: Take the PSAT You’ll take the PSAT on a Wednesday or Saturday in October of your junior year. Because you'll be competing with about 1.6 million juniors, it's important to study diligently for the PSAT (as you would for the SAT or ACT) by taking official PSAT practice tests andtargeting your weaknesses in your prep.(We give you more PSAT prep tips in the next section.) Remember, only the top 1% of juniors qualify for Semifinalist status, so you'll need to be at the top of your game on test day! Aiming for a National Merit Scholarship but worried your score won't qualify? If you're not sure you can self-study your way to a qualifying PSAT score, you'll love our PSAT prep program, PrepScholar. We designed our program to learn your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics and customize your prep to be as effective as possible for you. When you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take a diagnostic that will determine your weaknesses in over forty PSAT skills. PrepScholar then creates a study program specifically customized for you. To improve each skill, you’ll take focused lessons dedicated to each skill, with over 20 practice questions per skill. This will train you for your specific area weaknesses, so your time is always spent most effectively to raise your score. We also force you to focus on understanding your mistakes and learning from them. If you make the same mistake over and over again, we'll call you out on it. There’s no other prep system out there that does it this way, which is why we get better score results than any other program on the market. Check it out today with a 5-day free trial: December: Receive PSAT Scores You’ll typically get your PSAT scores in early December,about six weeks after you take the test. While you'll be able to see how well you scored and whether you meet your state's most recent National Merit Semifinalist cutoff, remember thatthese cutoffs can change slightly each year, so you won’t know for sure whether you're a Semifinalist until the beginning of your senior year. Winter/Spring: NMSC Determines High Scorers During this time, the NMSC determines the 50,000 high scorers who quality for the National Merit program. Senior Year September: Semifinalists Announced In early Septemberof your senior year, you’ll finally learn whether you’re officially a National Merit Semifinalist or not. Of the 50,000 high scorers determined, 16,000 will become Semifinalists, and the remaining 34,000 will be recognized as Commended Students (but won’t move forward with the National Merit Program). Fall: Apply to Be a Finalist After you’ve been recognized as a Semifinalist, you’ll begin the Finalist application process. To apply, you’ll need to submit the following materials: High school transcript SAT scores (must be received by December 31) Information about your activities and leadership roles A personal essay A recommendation from your high school principal, or someone the principal designates as a school official Information about your school’s curricula and grading system There’s no official cutoff for SAT scores or GPA, but the NMSC is looking for strong grades and test scores to prove that your PSAT scores weren’t just a fluke. February: Finalists Announced In February, 15,000 of the 16,000 Semifinalists are named Finalists and can apply for National Merit Scholarships. March: Scholarship Winners Announced Finally, 7,500 of the finalists learn that they are National Merit Scholarship winners. Each winner receives a $2,500-a-year National Merit Scholarship, a corporate-sponsored scholarship, and/or a college-sponsored scholarship. How Do You Get the PSAT Score You Need to Become a National Merit Semifinalist? Alright, so you’re going to need an amazing score on the PSAT in order to meet the National Merit Semifinalist cutoff. Getting that score can be tough, but follow these three tips as you prepare in order to get your best PSAT score. #1: Take Practice Tests Doing well on the PSAT is all about preparation. Studying the content and format of the test is the best way to bring your score up. Some people are natural test takers, while others stress under pressure. Regardless of how you react to timed tests, preparing with high quality, relevant materials is the best way to position yourself toward top scores. Since the College Board makes the PSAT, its online practice questions are a great place to start. Below are two official practice PSATs you can use for free.You can also find more free and official PSAT practice tests in our guide. Official PSAT Practice Test 1 - Score Your Test - Answer Explanations Official PSAT Practice Test 2 - Score Your Test - Answer Explanations Take these practice tests under typical test conditions:work in a quiet area with few distractions and time yourself in accordance with official PSAT time limits. Taking timed tests is a skill, and practicing this skill will help you get better and better at the PSAT. Understanding the format of the test will also help you eliminate the potential for careless errors. #2: Identify and Strengthen Your Weak Areas It’s not enough, however, to take just one practice test and then immediately move on to the next one.As you’re studying and answering practice problems, try to identify your weaknesses.Are there any patterns in your mistakes? Do you need more practice with Reading questions? Grammar? Vocabulary? Algebra? Probability? Figure out where you need to focus your attention to really strengthen your overall PSAT score. At the same, you might also be able to push up your overall score by playing to your strengths. The NMSC considers your composite score rather than your individual section scores. For example, if you scored 650 on the Math section of a practice test, it might be easy for you to push that up to 750+. Or if you’re stronger at Reading and Writing, you might be able to add more points to your composite score by focusing your energies on those two sections. Just remember that, ultimately, you can’t have any low section scores on the PSAT if you want to become a National Merit Finalist. So try to staystrong across all areas of the test! #3: Set Goals and Track Your Progress Becoming a National Merit Semifinalist is a lofty goal, and in order to make sure you’re on track to meet it, you need to know early on what PSAT to aim for and how much progress you should be making. First, use the above chart to figure out what the cutoff is for your state. You might want to add a point or two just to be safe and take into account any potential increases in the cutoff score. Once you have your overall PSAT goal score, set smaller goals to accomplish throughout your studying. These can be monthly or weekly goals depending on what works best for your schedule. Some ideas could beto try to develop a better understanding of algebra questions by the end of the week, or to try to raise your total PSAT score 20 points by the end of the month. No matter your goals, regularly check to see that you’re (on your way to) meeting them. If not, figure out what you can do to improve, such as studying more often or changing up your study methods. Setting regular goals will not only help you stay motivated but will also ensure that you’re making the progress you need to be making to get the score you want on test day. How to Stay Motivated for the PSAT In addition to planning how you'll prep for the PSAT, you should ask yourself another important question: how will you stay motivated?Staying motivated is key to sustaining your studying. Why do you want to do well on the PSAT? What drives you? Some reasons students strive to become National Merit Semifinalists are academic recognition, scholarship money,and getting into college.What are your own personal reasons? Write down your ideas, and look back at this list for inspiration whenever you feel your motivation lagging. Since the PSAT is closely linked to the SAT, any studying you do now will definitely pay off when you take the SAT. Plus, it’s probably easier for you to find free time now than when you’re immersed in college applications senior year. Achieving a qualifying score or higher takes a lot of hard work. The benefits of this hard work don’t end when you get a certificate in the mail from the NMSC recognizing you as a semifinalist in September of your senior year. You can prove to yourself and to others the depth of your commitment and drive by putting your hopes into action and your dreams into determination. After all, this focused, purposeful effort is the key to achieving success in anything you do! What's Next? Being named Semifinalist is just the first step. Learn what it takes to become a National Merit Finalist and how to increase your chances of winning a scholarship. Did you know there are four kinds of National Merit Scholarshipsand more than 8,000 are awarded each year? Read all about the various scholarshipshere. Want to score a perfect SAT score?Check out our easy-to-read guide on how to do just that, written by an expert 1600 scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Rebecca Safier About the Author Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Paralysis Essays

Paralysis Essays Paralysis Essay Paralysis Essay however, is not paralysis alone by the revelation of paralysis to its victims how it affects the characters emotional state by rendering them helpless and with the inability to act or make decisions. This paralysis exits due to religious, social or political forces. The dream to escape, with the delusion of detachment from these entrapments, is what Joyce’s characters are seeking. However, by sudden spiritual insights presented with Joyce’s epiphanies, the characters realize their inability to change their current frustrating situations that they are trapped with. Araby†, the third short story in the Dubliners is about a boy who becomes disappointed with the world of self-delusion. Throughout the story, Joyce uses symbolism and contrasts darkness and lightness. The contrast between dark and light represents the boy’s world and how he is living in a world of spiritual stagnation, and as a result, his outlook on the world is severely limited. He is innocent, ignorant and lost. He can only see specific images of a frustrating boring life in a dying and unimaginative city that presented his paralyzed environment. He is searching for the light that he needs for his spirituality. Mangan’s sister, the only symbol of light, appears in the boy’s world of darkness. Because of her, he finds himself entering a new experience, his first love and his imagination and vocabulary while thinking about her is limited by the experiences of his religious training and he romantic novels he has read. The result is an idealistic and confused feeling of physical and spiritual love. Although he has â€Å"Never spoken to her, except for a few casual words† (Joyce 22), her name became a â€Å"summons to all his foolish blood† (Joyce 22). She becomes an image to all he seeks. In his only conversation with her, she reveals that she will not be able to go to the â€Å"Araby† bazaar, although she would like to. She suggests that he should go. He speaks impulsively: â€Å"If I go, I will bring you some thing† (Joyce 23). His opportunity has come. he will go to â€Å"Araby†, which represents his soul’s luxuries, then he can bring a talisman, the Arabian symbol of restoring life. At this point, he feels that the lost light of his world will be restored. However, he spends his days and nights thinking and dreaming about the enchanted Eastern world, â€Å"Araby†. He builds his hopes and dreams on the moment when he goes to the â€Å"Araby† bazaar and brings something for the one he loves. The delay he encounters from his uncle to get the money needed to go to the â€Å"Araby† bazaar frustrates him. Finally, his uncle arrives. His uncle feels sorry for him, because he knows that he will be disappointed after all these dreams of going to the bazaar. He reminds him about â€Å"The Arabs farewell to his steed† (Joyce 26) which stands for the Arabs willingness to welcome his departed horse is only in his dreams. It mirrors his farewell to romantic illusions. Arriving at the bazaar, he finds it nearly empty. He realizes, â€Å"a silence like that which pervades a church after service† (Joyce 26). The church is empty; it is not attended by the faithful nor does it contain the spirituality he seeks. Suddenly the boy realizes that he has placed all his love and hope in a world that doesn’t exists, except in his imagination. He experiences an epiphany, his awakening moment, from a world full of light and truth to broken dreams that led to the first steps of his adulthood. From the youthfulness frustration and disillusioned world in a paralyzed society, Joyce’s journey continues to give us a glimpse of passivity in the adolescence world in the same dying city; this journey started by â€Å"Eveline†, the fourth story in Dubliners. â€Å"Eveline† concentrates on a nineteen-year old girl’s inner conflict which consists of a contrast between the promise she gave to her dying mother and the need to escape her abusive father. The stillness and lack of movement in Eveline in particular is what Brewster Ghiselin explains in his article â€Å"The Unity of Dubliners† : â€Å" In Dubliners the meaning of movement is further complicated by the thematic important that symbolic paralysis which Joyce himself referred to, an arrest imposed from within not by the â€Å"nets† of external circumstance, but by a deficiency of impulse of power† (59). The stillness can be seen in the first three sentences that Joyce chose to be the setting for most of the story: â€Å"She sat at the window watching the evening invade the avenue. Her head was leaned against the window curtains and in her nostrils was the odor of dusty cretonne. She was tired. † Although the third sentence is very brief, it directly announces to the reader of Eveline’s exhaustion how she is tired of her life in Ireland. Eveline’s problems with the father’s violence adds to her exhaustion: â€Å"Even now, though she was over nineteen, she sometimes felt herself in danger of her father’s violence. † and is a metaphor for the imprisonment of Ireland. However, the meaning connecting the words â€Å"invade† and â€Å"the dusk† give the reader a sense of Eveline’s passivity and that her â€Å"Fatigue was more than physical, it was a dreadful weariness of spirit as she approached the verge of impasse† (Beck 113) The theme of paralysis is dominating her thoughts, the main problem Eveline is suffering from, as are all the other characters in Dubliners. She feels paralyzed of her fear to leave Ireland. It’s all about her â€Å"state of mind: that she has been reduced by her situation and by her own reaction to a helpless, passive condition. By comparing her to an animal, the teller does not suggest by any means that she is subhuman, simply that her condition is one of severe, paralyzing fear† (Riqelme 76) After Eveline receives her epiphany, she finds that her hard life that she is used to living is much easier than confronting her few and discovering a new enjoyable like with Frank. In â€Å"A Little Cloud†, the theme of paralysis is again presented, but this time by juxtaposing what is being said with what is being though, even more specifically what is told and what’s going on in little Chandler’s mind. A great example is in the way the narrator presents the physical surroundings in the street while Chandler makes his way to meet his friend Gallagher at the bar where â€Å"while little Chandler ignores his present physical surroundings and their past, the narrator turns them both into striking, rhythmical language† (Riquelme 80). It’s the technique that symbolized with the story’s title â€Å" Little Cloud†. It’s â€Å" Little Chandler’s† cloudy mind and his paralyzed character that enabled him to recognize his identity or his surroundings until the end of the story where his miserable epiphany is realized. The theme of paralysis in â€Å"Little Cloud† is first offered by the location of little Chandler’s office in â€Å"Kings Inn† where Chandler is sitting in his office watching figures through the window. This gives the reader the same sense of passivity encountered in reading â€Å"Eveline† where she was sitting at the window, to conclude that Chandler’s office symbolizes his first imprisonment. His economic position and his uninteresting, dull job that offer him little to no satisfaction except for the slight pleasure he feels at the end of the workday signify his acceptance of paralysis as an unavoidable condition with no hope to escape. Little Chandler accepts his paralysis as his fate as Joyce explains â€Å" he felt how useless it was to struggle against fortune, this being the burden of wisdom which the ages had bequeathed to him† (66) We also get a glimpse into Chandler’s domestic life, which shows how paralyzed the whole family is. Little Chandler realizes, while holding his little child that he is unhappy with everything in his life, including is wife. The baby’s crying becomes a metaphor for the feelings that Chandler has been overcome with all day. In addition, he realizes that he is â€Å" a prisoner for life† as the baby’s crying becomes screaming. Chandler’s tragic epiphany was that his present situation is his own fault, in which he then bursts out in a should at his helpless child. The theme of paralysis is repeated again to signify an unproductive, unhappy man in the stage of maturity that is trapped between his incomplete identity and the social and political entrapments which surround him. Many people today are suffering from the entrapments that Joyce’s characters are suffering from. Due to cultural, traditional, religious or political forces, people live under pressure that limits their minds and hearts. Years pass and the pressure piles up on every aspect of our human identities until they lose their self-possessions and end up with a wide spread acceptance for their self-imprisonment and oppressive ways of living. Consequently, people’s views of life become narrower, their hearts and minds become rigid, and their inner being die years before their physical death. Joyce’s epiphanies, which are considered to be his creative fictional invention and his writing technique are both employed to give readers means to visualize their position from the world. If they happen to be one of the few lucky individuals whom are able to rescue themselves from the traps of special conventions such as religions and political expectations; only at that moment, the moment of detachment, the moment of freedom, people should consider themselves alive.

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay Example

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay Example Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay I have taken for my survey one chapter from the book Marx and human nature by Norman Geras. In the 2nd chapter Norman Geras trades with the human nature and historical philistinism. Although many Marxists denied Marx’s theory of human nature that there was a human nature to be found in Marx’s words. there is in fact a Marxist construct of human nature which remains. to some grade. changeless throughout history and across societal boundaries. The sixth of the Theses on Feuerbach provided the rudimentss for this reading of Marx harmonizing to which there was no ageless human nature to be found in his plants. Feuerbach resolves the kernel of faith into the kernel of adult male human nature. But the kernel of adult male is no abstraction inherent in each individual person. In world. it is the ensemble of the societal dealingss. Feuerbach. who does non come in upon a unfavorable judgment of this existent kernel. is therefore obliged: Human nature Thus. Marx appears to state that human nature is no more than what is made by the societal dealingss. Norman Geras’ Marx’s Theory of Human Nature. nevertheless. offers an highly elaborate statement against this place. In lineation. Geras shows that. while the societal dealingss are held to find the nature of people. they are non the lone such determiner. In fact. Marx makes statements where he specifically refers to a human nature which is more than what is conditioned by the fortunes of one’s life. In Capital. in a footer reviewing utilitarianism. he says that utilitarian’s must think with human nature in general. and so with human nature as modified in each historical era. Marx is reasoning against an abstract construct of human nature. offering alternatively an history rooted in sensuous life. While he is rather expressed that persons express their life. so they are. Hence what persons are depends on the material conditions of their production. he besides believes that human nature will condition ( against the background of the productive forces and dealingss of production ) the manner in which persons express their life. History involves a uninterrupted transmutation of human nature. though this does non intend that every facet of human nature is entirely variable ; what is transformed need non be entirely transformed. Marx did knock the inclination to transform into ageless Torahs of nature and of ground. the societal signifiers jumping from your present manner of production and signifier of belongings. a procedure sometimes called hypostatization. For this ground. he would probably hold wanted to knock certain facets of some histories of human nature. Human existences jointly work on nature but do non make the same work ; there is a division of labour in which people non merely do different occupations. but harmonizing to Marxist theory. some people live from the work of others by having the agency of production. How this is complete depends on the type of society. Production is carried out through really definite dealingss between people. And. in bend. these production dealingss are determined by the degree and character of the productive forces that are present at any given clip in history. For Marx. productive forces refer to the agencies of production such as the tools. instruments. engineering. land. natural stuffs. and human cognition and abilities in footings of utilizing these agencies of production. Human nature. Marx’s ethical idea and disaffection Gears says of Marx’s work that: Whatever else it is. theory and socio-historical account. and scientific as it may be. that work is a moral indictment resting on the construct of indispensable human demands. an ethical point of view. in other words. in which a position of human nature is involved. Alienation. for Marx. is the alienation of worlds from facets of their human nature. Since – as we have seen – human nature consists in a peculiar set of critical thrusts and inclinations. whose exercising constitutes booming ; disaffection is a status wherein these thrusts and inclinations are stunted. For indispensable powers. disaffection substitutes disempowerment for doing one’s ain life one’s object. one’s life going an object of capital. Marx believes that disaffection will be a characteristic of all society before communism. The antonym of. disaffection is actualization or self-activity- the activity of the ego. controlled by and for the ego. Human nature and the enlargement of the productive forces It has been held by several authors that it is Marx’s construct of human nature which explains the primacy thesis’ refering the enlargement of the productive forces. which harmonizing to Marx. is itself the cardinal drive force of history. If true. this would do his history of human nature possibly the most cardinal facet of his work. Geras writes. historical philistinism itself. this whole typical attack to society that originates with Marx. rests forthrightly upon the thought of a human nature. It highlights that specific link of cosmopolitan demands and capacities which explains the human productive procedure and man’s organized transmutation of the stuff environment ; which procedure and transmutation it treats in bend as the footing both of the societal order and of historical alteration. The tendency’s liberty is merely its independency of societal construction. its rootedness in cardinal stuff facts of human nature and the human state of affairs. Historical advancement consists basically in the growing of people’s abilities to determine and command the universe about them. This is the most basic manner in which they develop and express their human kernel. Historical philistinism Historical philistinism started from a cardinal implicit in world of human being: that in order for human existences to last and go on being from coevals to coevals. it is necessary for them to bring forth and reproduce the stuff demands of life. Marx so extended this premiss by asseverating the importance of the fact that. in order to transport out production and exchange. people have to come in into really definite societal dealingss. most basically production dealingss. Norman Geras analyzed historical philistinism and postulated that society has moved through a figure of types or manners of production. That is. the character of the production dealingss is determined by the character of the productive forces ; these could be the simple tools and instruments of early human being. or the more developed machinery and engineering of present age. The chief manners of production Marx identified by and large include crude communism or tribal society ( a prehistoric phase ) . ancient society. feudal system. and capitalist economy. In each of these societal phases. people interact with nature and bring forth their life in different ways. Any excess from that production is allotted in different ways. Ancient society was based on a governing category of slave proprietors and a category of slaves ; feudal system was based on landholders and helot ; and capitalist economy based on the capitalist category and the on the job category. The capitalist category in private owns the agency of production. distribution and exchange ( e. g. . mills. mines. stores and Bankss ) while the on the job category unrecorded by interchanging their socialized labour with the apitalist category for rewards. Marx identified the production dealingss of society ( originating on the footing of given productive forces ) as the economic base of society. He besides explained that on the foundation of the economic base their arise certain political establishments. Torahs. imposts. civilization. etc. . and thoughts. ways of thought. morality. etc. These constituted the political/ideological superstructure of society. This superstructure non merely has its beginning in the economic base. but its characteristics besides finally correspond to the character and development of that economic base. i. . the manner people organize society is determined by the economic base and the dealingss that arise from its manner of production. Historical philistinism can be seen to rest on the undermentioned rules: 1. The footing of human society is how humans work on nature to bring forth the agencies of subsistence. 2. There is a division of labour into societal categories ( dealingss of production ) based on belongings ownership where some people live from the labour of others. 3. The system of category division is dependent on the manner of production. 4. The manner of production is based on the degree of the productive forces. 5. Society moves from phase to present when the dominant category is replaced by a new emerging category. by subverting the political shell that enforces the old dealingss of production no longer matching to the new productive forces. This takes topographic point in the superstructure of society. the political sphere in the signifier of revolution. whereby the lower class liberates the productive forces with new dealingss of production. and societal dealingss. matching to it. Human nature and historical philistinism Marx’s theory of history efforts to depict the manner in which worlds change their environments and ( in dialectical relation ) their environments alter them every bit good. That is Not merely do the nonsubjective conditions change in the act of reproduction. e. g. the small town becomes a town. the wilderness a cleared field etc. but the manufacturers change. excessively. in that they bring out new qualities in themselves. develop themselves in production. transform themselves. develop new powers and thoughts. new demands and new linguistic communication. The first premiss of all human history is. of class. the being of life human persons. Thus the first fact to be established is the physical organisation of these persons and their attendant relation to the remainder of nature. Therefore History does nil. it possesses no huge wealth. and it wages no conflicts. It is adult male. existent. populating adult male who does all that. who possesses and battles ; history is non. as it were. a individual apart. utilizing adult male as a agency to accomplish its ain purposes ; history is nil but the activity of adult male prosecuting his purposes. So we can see that. even before we begin to see the precise character of human nature. existent. life worlds. and the activity of adult male prosecuting his purposes is the really building block of Marx’s theory of history. Humans act upon the universe. altering it and themselves ; and in making so they make history. But even beyond this. human nature plays two cardinal functions. In the first topographic point. it is portion of the account for the growing of the productive forces. which Marx conceives of as the driving force of history. Second. the peculiar demands and thrusts of worlds explain the category hostility which is generated under capitalist economy. Decision and critical comments Here I would wish to state that Marxist philosophical anthropology is one sided. Its construct of human nature and human good overlooks the demand for ego individuality than which nil is more basically human. The effect of this is held to be that Marx and his followings have underestimated the importance of phenomena. such as faith and patriotism. which satisfy the demand for self individuality. In the survey of human nature and historical philistinism. history is what is made by human existences and its nature. Harmonizing to Marx human existences are working and altering the universe. Marx ignored all other factors that at work in the development of history. History has been developed non merely by human existences but besides through assorted elements. Historical philistinism is caused by the production of things and at that place by originating societal relationships. Here it implies that economic system is the basic construction of society that controls and develops. But it is a reductionist attack. it is impossible to cut down the basic construction as economic dealingss entirely.

Demography and Epidemiology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Demography and Epidemiology - Assignment Example Effects of Environment on Enterprise Environmental changes can notably affect the functions of an enterprise. Such changes can also affect national as well as local sources of demographic and epidemiological data. As per reports, environment has been undergoing tremendous changes for the last few years mainly due to thoughtless human activities. These changes are likely to affect the way an organisation designs its operations since there is a strong link between environment and business. 2. Impacts of demographic trends on epidemiological environment There is a strong relationship between demography and epidemiology. Both these studies focus on an overall population rather than individuals. Hence, demographic trends and changes can have significant impacts on epidemiological environment on the health and social care. To illustrate, consider demographic determinants like birth rate, migration flow, or death rate. It is clear that a rise or fall in birth rate, migration flow, or death rate would alter the structure of a population. Since epidemiological studies increasingly focus on factors like birth, aging, and death, this type of demographic trend changes would greatly influence the outcomes of epidemiological studies. 3. ... Surveys conducted by governmental and non-governmental bodies represent other potential source of demographic data. For instance, international bodies like World Health Organisation and UN possess extensive demographic database. UK National Publication Hub is one of the major sources of demographic data in the United Kingdom. 4. Key aspects of social environment Evidently, demographic and epidemiological study results may be notably influenced by various social environmental aspects including lifestyle, food habits, and political status. Many scholars opine that social environment is very likely to cause demographic variations through behavioural mechanisms. â€Å"One aspect of social environment, relative abundance to heterospecifics, influences the intensity of reproductive interference and its demographic effects.† (Hettyey and Pearman 2002). B. A whole new consumer healthcare segment is emerging Today, prevalence of diseases is very high due to some notable changes in life style trends. The ‘fast-food’ habit has greatly contributed to an adverse shift in epidemiological distribution of an area. Reports indicate that the number of people with diseases like diabetes, heart attack, and osteoporosis is increasing day by day. For instance, studies (Hembert et al. 2012) show that changing demographics is more likely to increase the prevalence of chronic diseases. As discussed earlier, the correlation between demographic trends and epidemiological environment has far reaching impacts on healthcare and social life. For instance, notable demographic trend changes may compel epidemiologists to adopt new disease prevention tactics and other healthcare policies. Similarly, demographic and subsequent

Least Preferred Coworker(LPC)Measure Personal Statement

Least Preferred Coworker(LPC)Measure - Personal Statement Example I do agree with the results of this test. I am task-motivated and better at organizing people and getting the job done. However, I also agree with Fiedler’s other postulation concerning LPC model. According to him, LPC model helps in indicating the leadership style of a person however the effectiveness of this style is also dependent on situation’s favorableness. It is a universal fact that there is no ideal leadership style and a particular leadership style can not be suitable for contingent situations. A combination of personal traits and given situational contingency determines the leadership style’s effectiveness. Leader-member relationship, task structure and leader-position power are the factors which determine if the situation in hand is favorable and matches the leadership style (Bar-Tal, 1989). On theoretical grounds, Fielder’s model does helps in identifying one’s leadership style but its accuracy is still doubtful due to various factors. Firstly, Fiedler based this model on an assumption that leadership styles remain fixed and ignored the possible flexibility in personal traits or chances of betterment through learning over time (Bass, 1990). Secondly, the model assumes that a person can either be task-oriented or relationship motivated which are two extremes (Peter, Hartke & Pohlman, 1985; Vecchio, 1983). If a person’s LPC scores give an average total, then the leadership style is uncertain and difficult to determine. Lastly, there is a possibility that a person is actually effective as a leader irrespective of leadership style and works well with rest of the team except one who is confused, incompetent or a genuinely unpleasant person to work with. In such case, the LPC model will simple declare the person taking test a low-LPC leader whereas the a ctual picture can simply be the opposite (Mind Tools, 2012). Peters, L.H.,Hartke, D.D. & Pohlmann, J.T. (1985), Fiedlers Contingency Theory of Leadership: An application

Critical Analysis of Andre Dubu's The Curse Essay

Critical Analysis of Andre Dubu's The Curse - Essay Example However, he continues to be remorseful and is overcome by self-doubt. He keeps thinking that he should have done something to stop the rape. His words, â€Å"I should have stopped it. I think I could have stopped it† highlight his feelings at that time. The central idea of the story is that man himself has to define what is right and honorable. One cannot always make the right choice between right and wrong. Sometimes one ends up making a safe decision in the name of right decision and this choice may become difficult to live with. This is exactly what happens to Mitchell in this story. The story revolves round the struggle the hero goes through as he tries to perceive the difference between doing the right thing, not being able to do the right thing and not doing anything. Andre Dubus uses an unconventional plot and places his characters in real life situations to explore his theme.. In this story like many of his other stories all his characters are well-meaning characters. They face situations that challenge their beliefs and face ethical questions such as self-interest, duty, truth, etc. The main character of the story is Mitchell. The story revolves around him and at the end of the story he is transformed from a carefree man into a man consumed by remorse and guilt. He feels old at the end of it all. Dubus describes his condition thus: â€Å"He did not know what it was like to be very old †¦ but he assumed it was like this: fatigue beyond relieving by rest, by sleep.† (Andre Dubus). Was Mitchell right in not doing anything? There are many factors to be taken into consideration if one had to decide whether Mitchell was right or wrong in not doing anything to stop the rape. Factors such as moral values of a person, the element of risk an d one’s natural instincts have to be considered. But in the end it is the given situation which determines how we act. In Mitchell’s case the situation was such that "doing the right

Learning memoir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learning memoir - Essay Example Having a car and having no driving experience did not augur well with the way I perceived things, I became restless never imagining the weird state in which I was. A car owner without any driving training leave alone experience, it was soothing to imagine myself putting my palms on the steering wheel, just to think of stepping on the clutch, it was pleased to have this thoughts soon I became obsessed my mind was clogged with the fact of spinning the wheels. Everyday I could stand by my car looking at it by admiration. After many days of desire I contacted my driving tutor, Mr. Timothy who happened to be a good instructor not by anything tangible but by the way he placed his words in the name of coaching me. Then I came to realize that I was a good auditory learner, yes my coach Timothy inflicted this in me I could learn from nothing sort to that. No pens, no papers and no computers or electronic gadgets to put my references from. â€Å"Be attentive to the speed limit†, â€Å"make a full stop at every point with a stop sign†. These words could reign on my mind every time I took to the road to train. These words were now frequently used by my coach Timothy I could now do the stopping without being reminded; I was a good observant of all the road rules. As an auditory learner I was expected to be attentive, keen and most importantly watch on how things transpired. When I completed my theory test which entailed listening and understanding the driving fundamental concepts it was a moment for my practical application for whatever I understood. Timothy and I took to the road, the training car was there waiting for us. It proved to be an up hill task for me to park a car to the back spot on a Z shape through reverse. I could not figure out the way this concept was coming about I tried at many times but to no avail it all ended in vain. It was

Professionalism in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Professionalism in Education - Essay Example According to the report findings learners usually move into the education sector with a difficult historical background regarding their formal education, prompting some of them to view it as the last resort prior to dropping out of education and training completely. This paper highlights the notion echoed in the Wolf Report that learners consequently require the most profound and excellent teaching for making sure that they stay on track and have the ability to make wise decisions while taking the right subsequent stages to protect their future of continuous employment.As the discussion stresses  it is important that every form of learning programme, such as apprenticeships go along with the best methods of teaching, learning as well as the assessment of the outcomes that are considered appropriate. Generally, teachers need to display their confidence in their existing learners by nurturing them for future endeavours in the education sector. Such initiatives begin with the provisio n of the highest quality training and assessment possible with the intention of building a solid foundation of skills, as they develop their careers progressively. In line with FE, the significance of constantly good or exceptional training, together with the highest quality of assessment methods, results in the most successful learning outcomes, making it a more substantial form of provision.  The UK government has tried to execute a form of professionalism by statute in the past decade on the further through advancing nationwide occupational standards for teachers.

Analysis and argumentative commentary for a case-study article Essay - 1

Analysis and argumentative commentary for a case-study article (provided) by answering questions at the end of the article - Essay Example Nation states can now freely purchase natural resources from companies such as Anglo American PLC and Unocal and this has worked completely well to almost all countries. Even the largest economy in the world has depended on trade for its need of raw materials to propel its economy. China on the other hand has a huge demand for natural resources due to its rapidly expanding economy (China Defence & Security 47). It also wants to secure the source of its raw materials by a series of acquisitions and joint ventures in the past several years (Concha 139). I also do not think China’s growth will be threatened if it needs to rely on foreign-owned sources of materials. All countries have dependended on other countries for natural materials in one way or another and no country in the world has the monopoly of all resources. Even United States is dependent on Middle East for its oil requirement. This explains why there is trade and trade agreements because each country has to depend upon another for its natural resources and vice versa. What China is trying to achieve is to secure the source of its natural resoures for the expansion of economy. It is not contented of developing its own natural resources but rather would acquire the natural resources of other countries either by acquisition, joint venture or ridiculous claim such as its nine dash claim in the Pacific which is known to rich in oil and gas and offending all its neighbors in the process. Regardless how much resources China will need, there will always be a company or companies that will provide because it is an opportunity to make business. Being such, it is never a threat to China to depend on foreign owned companies with its need of materials. Even the largest economy in the world which is United States also depends on other countries for many of its materials need but it does not feel threatened by its dependency knowing that it is also

Learning memoir Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learning memoir - Essay Example Having a car and having no driving experience did not augur well with the way I perceived things, I became restless never imagining the weird state in which I was. A car owner without any driving training leave alone experience, it was soothing to imagine myself putting my palms on the steering wheel, just to think of stepping on the clutch, it was pleased to have this thoughts soon I became obsessed my mind was clogged with the fact of spinning the wheels. Everyday I could stand by my car looking at it by admiration. After many days of desire I contacted my driving tutor, Mr. Timothy who happened to be a good instructor not by anything tangible but by the way he placed his words in the name of coaching me. Then I came to realize that I was a good auditory learner, yes my coach Timothy inflicted this in me I could learn from nothing sort to that. No pens, no papers and no computers or electronic gadgets to put my references from. â€Å"Be attentive to the speed limit†, â€Å"make a full stop at every point with a stop sign†. These words could reign on my mind every time I took to the road to train. These words were now frequently used by my coach Timothy I could now do the stopping without being reminded; I was a good observant of all the road rules. As an auditory learner I was expected to be attentive, keen and most importantly watch on how things transpired. When I completed my theory test which entailed listening and understanding the driving fundamental concepts it was a moment for my practical application for whatever I understood. Timothy and I took to the road, the training car was there waiting for us. It proved to be an up hill task for me to park a car to the back spot on a Z shape through reverse. I could not figure out the way this concept was coming about I tried at many times but to no avail it all ended in vain. It was

Analysis and argumentative commentary for a case-study article Essay - 1

Analysis and argumentative commentary for a case-study article (provided) by answering questions at the end of the article - Essay Example Nation states can now freely purchase natural resources from companies such as Anglo American PLC and Unocal and this has worked completely well to almost all countries. Even the largest economy in the world has depended on trade for its need of raw materials to propel its economy. China on the other hand has a huge demand for natural resources due to its rapidly expanding economy (China Defence & Security 47). It also wants to secure the source of its raw materials by a series of acquisitions and joint ventures in the past several years (Concha 139). I also do not think China’s growth will be threatened if it needs to rely on foreign-owned sources of materials. All countries have dependended on other countries for natural materials in one way or another and no country in the world has the monopoly of all resources. Even United States is dependent on Middle East for its oil requirement. This explains why there is trade and trade agreements because each country has to depend upon another for its natural resources and vice versa. What China is trying to achieve is to secure the source of its natural resoures for the expansion of economy. It is not contented of developing its own natural resources but rather would acquire the natural resources of other countries either by acquisition, joint venture or ridiculous claim such as its nine dash claim in the Pacific which is known to rich in oil and gas and offending all its neighbors in the process. Regardless how much resources China will need, there will always be a company or companies that will provide because it is an opportunity to make business. Being such, it is never a threat to China to depend on foreign owned companies with its need of materials. Even the largest economy in the world which is United States also depends on other countries for many of its materials need but it does not feel threatened by its dependency knowing that it is also

Sure Thing Insurance Essay Example for Free

Sure Thing Insurance Essay Name: Yashasvi ram v.s Case Study The root problem in this case is that the company here has the decentralized autonomy of the business units, but there is a lack of coordination between operating groups. To compensate this, Al was appointed as CIO to coordinate different I/T approaches of the business units and to advise the executive committee on the strategic aspect of I/T. But another problem here apart from the lack of coordination is that Al had line of responsibility for I/T in his previous job but in the current job he is given any authority over I/T and is accountable for any changes in there. Also, his advices on the strategic aspects were rarely sought and were never followed. He is struggling to take decisions regarding staffing, budget and he is wondering how other senior staff is able to manage. The first solution would do nothing/maintain the status quo, if nothing is done in this scenario, it would result in the downfall of the company because; there would be no proper coordination between I/T and if the advice given by Al on strategic aspects are effective but are not followed then that would result in huge loss to that unit. The minimum solution would be to follow some of the advices given by Al to the personal lines division that corporate policy demands a package to be used instead of writing premium system in COBOL. A CEO should consider this decision on the business grounds and find out the pros and cons of implementing some of these decisions and to later implement them. The ideal solution would be to give authority of I/T and the right amount of funding for Al to implement his ideas. As he already has a good experience previously in this field, his ideas of funding, strategic agendas should be followed with some consideration. Also, he should be given a chance to interact with other senior supervisors to know how they are managing the funds, their staff and so on. The long lasting solution would be, CEO considers the experience and also a skill set of their senior staff so that they can be assigned to the exact positions. This makes them work effectively and would contribute to the positive growth of the company. I would recommend the long lasting solution because, the main failure of the company here is not to identify their employees potential in the particular field and also implementing some of the functionalities (using COBOL) without any research on that. If these problems are rectified then coordination of all the business units can be  done effectively and this minimizes failure risk of Surething Insurance company. Things that can be done to prevent future failures: 1. Rapid expansion. 2. Under-reserving. 3. Unforeseen claims. 4. Under-Pricing. 5. Gross Incompetence. 6. Expansion into new areas.

Company Law Overview

Company Law Overview Table of Contents Advantages of forming a incorporating company.. Differences between private limited company and public limited company.. Disadvantages of forming a company A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies Documents required for registration.. Role of Registrar of companies What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill.. Bibliography.. Advantages of forming a incorporating company The process of formation (registration) incorporated company is regulated by law in the Companies Act 2006. Summarised below the main advantages of incorporating the company. Limited Liability The most important of the advantages of incorporation is its limited liability, what means that the legal responsibility of shareholders is limited to the amount paid on their shares. The most important thing for Jack and Jill might be that their personal assets will not be put at risk. Separate Legal Identity The limited liability company is a legal entity separate from the board and its members (shareholders). And again, any debts made by the company will not be borne personally. Protection of Company Name The name of the company must be unique and no one else cannot use it. However the choice of company name is restricted and complies with the rules. Continuity In case that Directors, management and employees leave, retire, die it doesnt mean that the company will be winding up. Once the company is formed it will be exist till insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation or other cause of the courts or Registrar of Companies. Taxation Sole traders and partnership companies pay income tax but the companies pay corporation tax which has currently lower rate than income tax. There are also wider range of allowances and tax deductible costs which decreases the taxable profit. Differences between private limited company and public limited company DIFFERENCES PUBLIC COMPANIES PRIVATE COMPANIES NAME Must end with ‘Public Limited Company or PLC Must end with Private Limited Company or LTD (unless the company is unlimited) SHARE CAPITAL Must have a minimum subscribed share capital of  £50,000 and this must be paid up to at least 25% (at least  £12,500 must already have been raised by the issue of shares) No limit on share capital SHARES The company may offer its shares and debentures to the public (stock exchange) Cannot be advertised for sale or listed on the stock exchange DIRECTORS At least 2 One director COMPANY SECRETARY Must have suitably qualified company secretary There is no obligation to have a secretary, if there is one does not need to be qualified ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING Must hold every calendar year No obligation, of AGM, unless there is the decision to have one Disadvantages of forming a company In the first stage of the formation of a company must be prepared various documents, such as: memorandum of association and articles of association, a statement of capital and declaration of compliance, which must be delivered to the registrar of companies at Companies House. This stage is more laborious and complicated in comparison to the partnership and therefore incorporated companies will take longer to set up. The company also must have a unique name and gain unique number from Registrar of Companies. To set up the company there must be paid fees which make this type of company more expensive to set up. Also, there are extensive legal issues that have to be complied with. The various ongoing formalities must fill and publicity include the companys directors, secretary, also the financial accounts (which can be viewed by individual or other companies), the annual return of the company, and constitution. A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Limited by shares what means that the liability of the members (shareholders) of the company is limited by the memorandum to the amount capital originally invested. That will protect the shareholders private assets in the event of the company will announce bankruptcy. This kind of liability I would advice to Jack and Jills company as their private assets will not be involved in case of insolvency. Limited by guarantee means that the liability of shareholders is limited to the amount which they have undertaken or guaranteed to pay if company winding up. This kind of liability has normally been formed for educational or charitable purposes, and may or not have a share capital. If there is a share capital, the shareholders liability is for the amount of his shares and also to the amount of guarantee. Companies with no share capital normally gain funds by subscription or endowments. Unlimited means that there is no limit of the liability of the shareholders. Unlikely to the partnership the shareholders are not directly liable to creditors, but they are liable to the company. However, their liability is the same as partners. Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies In the Company Act 2006 many of the changes has applied to small private companies and its one of the most important rules is a simplification of the corporate regime. Some of these rules will be presented below: The company makes the decision if they wish to appoint the company secretary, as they are no longer obligated to do so. The shareholders written resolutions are no longer has to be unanimity. The simple majority of the eligible shares for ordinary resolutions, but 75% for special resolutions. The Act gives a possibility of reducing share capital by a company without obtaining the court order. Also reduces the period of filing the accounts from 10 to 9 from the financial year end. Documents required for registration 1. The memorandum of association This document is also known as an external constitution of the company, and determines key features of the companys status. From 1st of October 2009 the document was simplified and does not contain too much information, but it has to be prepared by those who wants to form an incorporation company under Company Act 2006. This must contain the subscribers names and signatures and if the company has a share capital, each of the member must have at least one share. 2. The articles of association (CA 2006 s. 18) The article of association (also known as internal constitution of the company) is the most important because it determines how company will be operate and regulates the rights between members, directors and company. The company has a right to make a changes to articles but it has to be done during the general meeting and the copy should be delivered, within 15 days from the day the changes were enacted, to the Registrar of Companies. The articles of association must be sign This document must be signed by each subscriber of the memorandum in the presence of a one witness and usually areas such as: Rights, duties and responsibilities of the directors; General meetings’ organization; Company’s members voting rights; Shares issues and transfers, shares’ classes, share certificates; Paying dividends and etc. To make easier preparation of this document for the companies, Companies House has prepared standard article of association and might be adapted by this company. All of these documents are available to download from Companies House website: http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/; but also can be received from: company formation agents, accountants or legal stationers. 3. IN01 form The registration application (which contains the statement of compliance) The name of the company might be chosen, by those of setting up the company, of any name they wish, however there is certain rules which must be kept. The situate of the office of the company A statement of the objects of the company A statement of the limitation of liability of the company A capital clause stating the amount of the share capital which is authorised and the division of the share capital into shares of a stated amount Role of Registrar of companies The Companies Act 2006 makes the rules how the documentation should be filled in Companies House. The Registrar of Companies is responsible to record and control from companies either new or existing, to incorporate and dissolve companies, regulates formation of new companies and changes of existing companies, and also deals with any breaches of Companies Act. The section 1117 Companies Act covers where is stated the form, delivery’s manner, method of authentication, whether delivered electronically or as a paper document. The one of responsibility isto make the information available to the public. The names can be checked on Companies House website before formation, but also Registrar of Companies will check that if it is consistent with rules. The name of the company must be chosen very carefully, and the best way to make it easy to memorise is to make it as logical to the company activity as it possible. The name cannot be similar to other companies and should be too long as the long names are difficult to memorise. The words cannot be used but might be if the company will receive a written permission from the Department of Constitutional Affairs. These words are: Royal, Queen, King. The words used by a company without a permission such as: â€Å"Solicitor† or â€Å"Patent Agent†; might be treated as criminal offence. There is also words that company will need to get a written specified bodys permission, and they are: British, English, International, Group or Association. What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006 In the Section 33 of Companies Act 2006 that is provided information for a statutory contract between the company and its members; each member of the company and other companies. Over the years this contract have made a lot of controversy and confusion. The main question is if the contract might be enforced by members, to make sure that the right associated with them in another role such as the right given to a director who is also a member. In the members rights were breached, the company can be sued by them. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill Corporate personality means that the company is treated as a legal entity and its personality exist independently from its owners, directors and shareholders. That means also that the company is liable for its own debts and can sue but it can be sued in its own name and also a company can buy and sell properties in its own name. The limited liability of the company means that the shareholders are not liable on its private assets for the debts belongs to the company (as the company and the owners are two separate entity). This might be one of main advantages to register the company by Jack and Jill with Companies House. In case of any problems with liquidity of the company, problems with paying companys liability such as loans or debenture, Jack and Jill private assets will be safe from creditors of the company. The case Salomon v A. Salomon Co. Ltd (1887) will illustrate and will be the best example the separate entity: Mr Salomon owned a boot-making business which was sold to another company A. Salomon Co. Ltd, which had been formed by the same Salomon. â€Å"There were seven members in the business: his wife, daughter and four sons who took one share each and Salomon himself who took 20,000 shares. The price paid by the company to Salomon was  £30,000 but instead of giving him cash, the business gave him 20,000 fully paid shares and  £10,000 in the secured debentures i.e. he lent the company  £10,000 which was owed to Salomon and  £7000 to unsecured creditors. The unsecured creditors claimed that as Salomon Co Ltd was really the same person, he could not owe money to himself and that they should be paid their  £7000 first. Held: The House of Lords stated that Salomon was entitled to the  £6000 and the unsecured creditors got nothing. The reason for this decision was that the company was to be regarded as a completely separate person in the eyes of the law from its members and its officers. The House of Lords thought it a completely irrelevant argument that Salomon was the leading shareholder in the company and that he could effectively control the destiny of the business.[1] Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, â€Å"Company Law, Second Edition†, Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005) Bibliography: Nicholas Grier, â€Å"Company Law, Second Edition†, Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005 Websites used: http://www.bridgewest.eu/ http://startups.co.uk/ http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk http://www.companylawclub.co.uk/ 1 [1] Case Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, â€Å"Company Law, Second Edition†, Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005)